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Private property is a legal designation for the ownership of property by non-governmental legal entities. Private property is distinguishable from public property, which is owned by a state entity; and collective property, which is owned by a group of non-governmental entities. Private property is further distinguished from personal property, which refers to property for personal use and consumption. Private property is a legal concept that is defined and enforced by the political system. Categorization of collective property can be indeterminable, such as in a not-for-profit private university; or determinable, such as in the case of a legal partnership. ==History== Prior to the 18th century, English-speakers generally used the word "property" in reference to land ownership. In England, "property" did not have a legal definition until the 17th century.〔''The Meaning and Definition of "Property" in Seventeenth-Century England'', by G. E. Aylmer, 1980. Oxford University Press. Past and Present, No. 86 (Feb., 1980), pp. 87-97.〕 Private property as commercial property was invented with the great European trading companies of the 17th century. The issue of the enclosure of agricultural land in England, especially as debated in the 17th and 18th centuries, accompanied efforts in philosophy and political thought - by Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), James Harrington (1611-1677), and John Locke (1632-1704), for example - to address the phenomenon of property ownership.〔 〕 John Locke, in arguing against supporters of absolute monarchy, conceptualized property as a "natural right" that God had not bestowed exclusively on the monarchy. Influenced by the rise of mercantilism, Locke argued that private property was antecedent to, and thus independent of, government. Locke distinguished between "common property", by which he meant open-access property; and property in consumer goods and producer-goods, the latter of which referred to land. His chief argument for property in land was improved land management and cultivation over common (open-access) land. Locke developed a normative theory of property rights based on labor, which stated that property is a natural result of labor improving upon nature; and thus by virtue of labor expenditure, the laborer becomes entitled to its produce.〔''Property Rights in the History of Economic Thought: From Locke to J.S. Mill'', by West, Edwin G. 2001. Property Rights: Cooperation, Conflict, and Law, ed. Terry Lee Anderson and Fred S. McChesney, Princeton University Press, 2003, Ch. 1 (pp. 20–42).〕 In the 18th century during the Industrial Revolution, the moral philosopher and economist Adam Smith (1723-1790), in contrast to Locke, drew a distinction between the "right to property" as an acquired right and natural rights. Smith confined natural rights to "liberty and life". Smith also drew attention to the relationship between employee and employer and identified that property and civil government were dependent upon each other, recognizing that "the state of property must always vary with the form of government". Smith further argued that civil government could not exist without property, as its main function was to safeguard property ownership.〔''Property Rights in the History of Economic Thought: From Locke to J.S. Mill'', by West, Edwin G. 2001. Property Rights: Cooperation, Conflict, and Law, ed. Terry Lee Anderson and Fred S. McChesney, Princeton University Press, 2003, Ch. 1 (pp. 20–42).〕 In the 19th century the economist and philosopher Karl Marx (1818-1883) provided an influential analysis on the history and development of private property. Drawing a distinction between pre-capitalist property formations and property in the context of capitalism, Marx's definition of private property referred to ownership of productive (value-producing) assets - termed the "means of production" - by a small class of owners who appropriate, and thus live off of, the value produced by mental and material labor operating the means of production. In a capitalist economy, the surplus value takes the form of profit, enabling a small class to subsist on the resulting property income in an exploitative relationship with non-property owners who produce society's wealth.〔 〕 Tied to his analysis of capital accumulation and crisis, Marx believed that private property in the means of production would ultimately be replaced by social ownership. When Marx called for the abolition of private property, he was not referring to "personal property" such as clothing and furniture that was not used to produce the "social wealth," but to productive property that requires collective effort to operate.〔Norman Levine. (1991) Introduction to Györgi Lukács, ''The process of democratization''. SUNY Press. p 8〕 This conception of private property has proven influential for many subsequent socialist political movements and economic theories, and led to the widespread association of "private property" with capitalism. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「private property」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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